What Is Manual And Automation Testing ?

 

Manual Testing:

Manual trying out is a procedure in software trying out in which testers manually execute take a look at cases with out the usage of any automation equipment. The purpose of guide testing is to discover defects, ensure that the software behaves as expected, and confirm that it meets the required requirements.

Key Concepts of Manual Testing:

• Test Plan: A document that outlines the scope, technique, resources, and agenda of testing sports. It consists of goals, take a look at standards, and deliverables.
• Test Case: A set of actions completed to confirm a particular characteristic or functionality of the software program. Each take a look at case has defined inputs, execution conditions, and predicted consequences.
• Test Script: Step-by using-step commands that describe a way to execute a take a look at case. While often related to automatic testing, manual testers also can use take a look at scripts to make sure consistency.
• Defect/Bug Report: Documentation of any flaw within the software that reasons it to provide incorrect or sudden effects. It consists of details like steps to reproduce, severity, and screenshots.

Types of Manual Testing:

• Black Box Testing: Testing with out looking on the inner code structure. Focuses on inputs and anticipated outputs.
• White Box Testing: Testing with expertise of the inner code structure. Focuses on verifying the go with the flow of inputs and outputs thru the code.
• Integration Testing: Testing the interfaces among distinct modules of the software.
• System Testing: Testing the entire integrated device to confirm that it meets the required requirements.
• Acceptance Testing: Formal checking out to determine whether a system satisfies acceptance standards and to allow the customer to determine whether to simply accept the device.
• Regression Testing: Re-strolling functional and non-purposeful tests to make certain that formerly advanced and tested software nonetheless plays after a change.
• Smoke Testing: Preliminary testing to check the simple functionality of the software.
• Exploratory Testing: Simultaneous gaining knowledge of, test layout, and test execution. Testers discover the software to find defects with out predefined test cases.

Steps in Manual Testing:

• Requirement Analysis: Understand the requirements and specs of the software.
• Test Planning: Develop a test plan and method, identifying sources, time table, and scope.
• Test Case Development: Create certain test instances and take a look at scripts.
• Test Environment Setup: Prepare the checking out surroundings with important hardware and software configurations.
• Test Execution: Execute the check cases manually and log any defects observed.
• Defect Reporting and Tracking: Report defects with particular statistics and track them until decision.
• Test Closure: Conclude the testing method, put together check summary reports, and examine take a look at metrics.

Advantages of Manual Testing:

• Flexibility: Testers can quickly adapt to modifications in necessities or unexpected behaviors.
• User Experience: Provides insights into the software’s usability and consumer enjoy.
• Cost-Effective: No need for high-priced automation gear and scripting.
• Human Insight: Human testers can become aware of subtle issues that automated checks might pass over, inclusive of visible or layout problems.

Disadvantages of Manual Testing:

• Time-Consuming: Executing tests manually may be slower than computerized trying out.
• Repetitive: Performing the same assessments repeatedly can lead to human errors and fatigue.
• Not Scalable: Difficult to scale for massive initiatives or repetitive obligations.
• Inconsistent: Different testers would possibly produce one-of-a-kind outcomes because of subjective judgment.

When to Use Manual Testing:

• Exploratory Testing: When the point of interest is on discovering new defects via exploratory strategies.
• Usability Testing: To ensure the utility is user-friendly and intuitive.
• Ad-hoc Testing: When brief, informal testing is required without a structured plan.
• Early Development Stages: When the utility is in the early tiers, and frequent adjustments are expected.

Automation Testing:

Automation trying out is a software checking out technique that uses computerized gear and scripts to perform exams on software applications, replacing guide checking out efforts. The number one purpose of automation checking out is to boom the efficiency, effectiveness, and coverage of the testing procedure.

Key Concepts of Automation Testing:

Automated Test Scripts:

• Definition: These are scripts written in a programming or scripting language that simulate person actions or device conduct to test the software.
• Examples: Scripts can be written in languages like Java, Python, JavaScript, or specialised checking out languages furnished through tools (e.G., Selenium WebDriver scripts in Java).

Automation Tools:

• Functionality: Tools are used to create, control, and execute computerized test scripts. They frequently offer recording and playback functions, integration with development environments, and reporting competencies.
• Examples: Selenium, QTP (QuickTest Professional), TestComplete, JUnit, NUnit, Appium, and Cucumber.

Automation Testing Types:

• Unit Testing: Tests character additives or features of the software.
• Integration Testing: Tests the interplay among integrated additives or structures.
• Functional Testing: Verifies that the software program features in line with the specified necessities.
• Regression Testing: Ensures that new changes or updates do now not adversely have an effect on present capability.
• Performance Testing: Evaluates the software’s overall performance beneath load or strain situations.

Benefits of Automation Testing:

Speed and Efficiency:

• Automated assessments may be run plenty faster than manual assessments, taking into consideration speedy feedback on the fitness of the software.
• Tests can be completed in a single day or in continuous integration/continuous deployment (CI/CD) pipelines without human intervention.

Repeatability and Consistency:

• Automated tests carry out the equal steps precisely each time they're run, decreasing the threat of human error.
• They can be consistently repeated across exclusive environments and configurations.

Scalability:

• Automation lets in checking out to scale with the dimensions and complexity of the software program. Large take a look at suites may be finished speedy and correctly.
• Parallel execution of checks can be leveraged to similarly accelerate the checking out process.

Cost-Effectiveness:

• While there is an initial funding in developing automatic assessments, over the years they reduce the want for manual trying out, reducing the general value of checking out.
• Automated tests are particularly price-effective for regression trying out and repetitive obligations.

Early Detection of Defects:

• Automated exams may be integrated into the improvement method, permitting for immediate feedback and early detection of defects, that is regularly cheaper and easier to repair than finding defects later inside the improvement cycle.

Challenges of Automation Testing:

Initial Setup and Maintenance:

• The preliminary creation of computerized test scripts may be time-eating and requires a full-size in advance investment.
• Automated assessments require upkeep to hold them up-to-date with modifications inside the software.

Technical Skill Requirement:

• Developing and maintaining computerized exams calls for technical skills in programming and know-how of the automation gear.

Not Suitable for All Tests:

• Some checks, specially the ones related to complicated consumer interactions or visual checks, may be difficult to automate and nevertheless require guide testing.

Automation Testing Process:

Test Planning:

• Identify the take a look at instances to automate primarily based on elements like take a look at frequency, significance, and complexity.
• Select appropriate automation equipment and frameworks.

Test Design:

• Write automatic take a look at scripts based totally on the diagnosed test cases.
• Ensure that the scripts are modular, reusable, and maintainable.

Test Execution:

• Run the automated check scripts in opposition to the software.
• Integrate check execution into CI/CD pipelines for non-stop trying out.

Result Analysis:

• Analyze the test results and identify any defects.
• Generate reviews and logs for similarly investigation and debugging.

Maintenance:

• Update the automatic test scripts as the software program evolves.
• Refactor and improve the check scripts to address new check instances and scenarios.

Popular Automation Testing Tools:

• Selenium: An open-supply device for automating web browsers.
• QTP/UFT (Unified Functional Testing): A business device by Micro Focus for practical and regression testing.
• TestComplete: A industrial device for functional checking out of laptop, web, and cellular programs.
• JUnit: A framework for unit trying out in Java.
• NUnit: A framework for unit testing in .NET.
• Appium: An open-source device for automating cell programs.
• Cucumber: A device that supports Behavior Driven Development (BDD) by means of allowing the writing of tests in undeniable language.

Automation trying out is a important issue of contemporary software development, enhancing the ability to supply excellent software program efficiently and reliably.

Comparison: Manual vs. Automation

Aspect	Manual Testing	Automation Testing
Execution	Test cases are executed manually by a human tester.	Test cases are executed automatically using scripts and tools.
Tools Required	No specific tools are required, though test management tools can help.	Requires automation tools like Selenium, QTP, JUnit, etc.
Initial Investment	Low initial cost as it doesn't require purchasing automation tools.	High initial cost due to the purchase of tools and creation of scripts.
Time Consumption	Time-consuming due to manual execution of test cases.	Faster execution after the initial setup of test scripts.
Accuracy	Prone to human error.	High accuracy as tests are executed by scripts consistently.
Reusability	Test cases are less reusable as they need to be executed manually each time.	Test scripts can be reused multiple times across different versions.
Test Coverage	Limited test coverage due to time constraints.	High test coverage as automation allows for more tests to be run.
Suitability	Best for exploratory, ad-hoc, usability, and early development stage testing.	Best for regression, load, performance, and repetitive testing.
Adaptability to Changes	Quick to adapt to changes as it doesn't involve modifying scripts.	Requires updating scripts when there are changes in the application.
Scalability	Not easily scalable for large projects or repetitive tasks.	Easily scalable as tests can be executed in parallel and scheduled.
Human Insight	Can identify visual issues, UI inconsistencies, and usability problems.	Lacks human insight; cannot judge visual elements or user experience effectively.
Reporting	Manual logging of test results and defects.	Automated logging and reporting of test results and defects.
Maintenance Cost	Low maintenance cost but requires manual effort each time.	High maintenance cost due to the need to update scripts regularly.
Learning Curve	Low learning curve, easy to start with basic testing knowledge.	High learning curve, requires knowledge of scripting and tools.